Breathing Easy: A Guide to Choosing Air Purifiers for a Healthier Home
Weeks of on and off haze here in Northern Virginia have underscored the importance of clean air for everyone. While air purifiers serve as lifelines during hazardous pollution days, they are also effective in addressing common health concerns such as harmful gases, mold, pollen, dust, bacteria, and viruses. While it is unusual for us in Northern Virginia to experience air quality issues related to wildfires, it is not unlikely to be our last go around with this scenario. Most toxicity from our environment comes from what we breath. According to the National Institutes of Health, an estimated 60% of the health problems caused by environmental factors are due to long-term exposure to urban air pollution. Air purifiers are one proactive way to prevent poor indoor air quality, while optimizing your respiratory, cardiovascular, and cognitive health. If you’ve been procrastinating purchasing an air purifier, I urge you to take some action on this today.
Choosing the right air purifier involves three key steps: determining what you want to remove from your air, assessing the area you want to clean and the desired frequency, and considering the associated costs.
Step One: What do you want removed from your air?
Air purifiers employ different technologies to tackle particulates, gases, or both. Assess the issues you face, whether it's dust, smoke, mold, or chemical odors from paint, off gassing carpets, or car exhaust. The market offers a wide variety of air purifiers, making it crucial to explore all the available options to determine the best fit for your family's needs.
HEPA Air Filters
Advantages: HEPA, short for High-Efficiency Particulate Air, meets strict Department of Energy requirements by removing approximately 99% of airborne particulates larger than 0.3 microns. It effectively filters out mold spores, dust, pollen, pet dander, and flame retardants. For these pollutants, HEPA filters are a suitable choice. However, they might not effectively capture viruses, which are smaller than bacteria.
Disadvantages: HEPA filters may not be efficient in trapping gases, fumes, chemicals, or odors or the lung damaging ultrafine particulate. For comprehensive filtration of these pollutants, a disinfecting filtration system is a better option.
Activated Carbon
Advantages: Also known as activated charcoal, activated carbon is highly effective in adsorbing gases and fumes like formaldehyde and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds). It efficiently removes odors from the air, providing a fresher environment.
Disadvantages: Activated carbon filters do not remove particles or germs from indoor air. For comprehensive air purification, a combination system is necessary.
Disinfecting Filtration System
Advantages: The disinfecting filtration system is the most powerful on the market, surpassing HEPA technology by around 40 times in efficiency. It can effectively eliminate particles as tiny as .007 microns, including airborne viruses, molds, and bacteria.
Disadvantages: While highly effective, this system can be costly due to its advanced capabilities. However, the benefits justify the investment in cleaner and healthier air.
UV Filters (Ultra-Violet Filters)
Advantages: UV filters have the capability to eliminate bacteria and viruses by employing UV lights for sterilization.
Disadvantages: UV filters are inadequate for removing large particles like HEPA filters or gases and chemicals like formaldehyde, which can be effectively handled by activated carbon filters.
Ionic Filters
Advantages: Ionic filters release negatively charged ions to electrify dust and dander, making the particles attracted to a positively charged collection plate inside the machine.
Disadvantages: Ionic filters may not be effective as the particles can stick to walls, tabletops, and screens. Additionally, they do not absorb VOCs like formaldehyde, and the introduction of ozone into the home can interact with VOCs to create smog, so I do not recommend these.
Ozone Filters
Advantages: Ozone filters use electrostatic plates and ozone to remove odors and freshen the air.
Disadvantages: Ozone filters are hazardous and pose risks to humans and small pets. Even the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cautions against their use, making them unsuitable for anyone, so I do not recommend these.
Step Two: How finely do you need to filter particles?
Particulate matter, also known as particulates, is a major concern with wildfire smoke and a key factor in determining air quality. While larger particles can be seen and are easier to remove due to gravity, fine and ultrafine particles, constituting up to 90% of the story, pose a different challenge. These ultrafine particles can penetrate deep into our lungs and even travel through the bloodstream. Understanding the sizes of specific particulates, such as pollen, mold, bacteria, and viruses, helps determine the level of filtration required.
- Mold Spores: Typically range from 1 to 100 micrometers in size.
- Mycotoxins: Mycotoxins are produced by certain molds and are much smaller, usually less than 1 micrometer.
- Viruses: Vary in size but can be as small as 0.02 micrometers.
- Bacteria: Usually between 0.5 to 5 micrometers in size.
- Coarser Particulate Matter (PM10): Particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or smaller.
- Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): Particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller.
- Ultrafine Particulate Matter: Particles with a diameter of 0.1 micrometers or smaller.
Ultrafine particulate matter comes from various sources, including combustion processes (e.g., vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions), wildfires, cooking, and certain indoor activities like smoking or using candles. These particles are so tiny that they can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and can penetrate deep into the respiratory system when inhaled, potentially causing health issues.
Step Three: Evaluating cleaning capacity and costs
Consider the area you need to clean, factoring in both square footage and ceiling height. Understanding the volume of air in the room is crucial for selecting an appropriately sized air purifier. Additionally, assess the air exchange rate, or how often you want the air completely changed, particularly for asthma and allergy relief. It is generally recommended to achieve three to four air changes per hour.
It's important to note that air quality measurements, such as PM2.5, which quantifies fine and ultrafine particles, can vary across different sites. Consulting multiple sources, AQICN.org, AirNow.gov, PurpleAir, and IQAir, provides a more comprehensive understanding of outdoor air quality.
Cost considerations include the initial purchase price, ongoing power consumption, and filter replacement costs. HEPA units typically range from $200 to $900, with additional expenses for specialized units. Filter replacements costs vary depending on usage, fan speeds, and air quality, averaging between about $70 and $175 per year.
Wirecutter provides a thorough review of air filters that they’ve independently tested for quality, several which are excellent. Top of their list for several years running is the well-engineered Coway Airmega AP-1512HH Mighty, which is a more affordable option than some of the specialized units.
However, given my practice where many of the patients I see have compromised health, aggravated by mold, mycotoxins, and other allergens and ultrafine particulates, I’ve considered the following specialized, high quality air purifiers:
Excellent at filtering out ultrafine particles:
- Intellipure (down to 0.007, has a unique Disinfecting Filtration System, which I appreciate especially for my patients with mold and mycotoxin illness)
- IQAir (down to 0.003 microns)
- AirDoctor (down to 0.003 microns)
Excellent at filtering out VOCs – due to heavy carbon filters:
- AirPura (18 pounds of carbon)
- AustinAir (15 pounds of carbon)
- IQAir GC MultiGas (12 pounds of carbon)
- IQAir Heath Pro Plus (5 points of carbon)
Clean air is a vital aspect of our well-being, especially during periods of heightened air pollution from wildfires. By selecting the right air purifier tailored to your needs, you can effectively address indoor air quality concerns. Don't delay in taking action to protect yourself and your loved ones. With the challenges posed by recurring smoke, prioritize proactive measures and embrace cleaner air for a healthier home.
Meet Dr. Sarah Giardenelli, an experienced naturopathic doctor and acupuncturist in Leesburg, Virginia, with a specialization in environmental health. With her guidance, you can learn how to optimize both your indoor and internal environment, safeguarding yourself from air pollution. Take a breath of fresh air today and embark on a new journey towards better health! Let's create a cleaner and healthier living environment together.